英语语法-句型

英语拾遗 评论

句子成分

  • 主语： 动作的主人
  • 谓语： 表示某人怎样？做某事？
  • 宾语： 表示某事，动作、行为的对象
  • 补语： 补充说明主语（”表语”）、宾语 (“宾语补足语”)

5类句型

  • 主语 + 谓语

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                                     // + 修饰语
    I study.												I study (hard).
    She teaches.										She teaches (well).
    My mom cooks.										My mom cooks (in the kitchen).
    We talk.												We talk (loudly).

    由主语和谓语构成，不需要宾语或补语（谓语不需要宾语或补语），即该句型的动词称为不及物动词

    不及物动词：可以单独使用，不需要宾语或补语的动词，以下几类动词是不及物动词

    • 有往来之意的动词，如 来、去、出发、到达等， go、come、begin、start、leave、arrive、move
    • 存在动词，exist、be
    • 发生动词，happen、occur

    修饰语：指起修饰作用的词句，包括形容词、副词、介词短语、状语从句

    ​ Time flies (like an arrow). Our school stands (on the hill).

  • 主语 + 谓语 + 表语

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    I am (a doctor).
    She looks (happy).
    I fell (cold).

    动词后需要补充说明主语的状态、情况、身份等内容的词句，动词后面加上补语，句子才完整。

    表语可由名词、代词、形容词充当，副词、动词不可以做表语

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    She is beautifully. (X) 					You look happily. (X)
    She is beautiful.									You look happy.

    可以用在”主语+谓语+表语”句型中的动词有：

    • be动词，become，表示”是……”，”成为……”

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      I am a study.		
      She i pretty. 			
      He became a doctor.   				
      Tom became crazy.

      be动词表示”存在、有”时，不需要表语

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      God is everywhere.    // "上帝无处不在" , 不需要表语就是完整的句子，属于"主语+谓语"
      The girl is in the kitchen.    // "主语+谓语+介词短语"

    • 感官动词

      表示”感觉怎么样”，需要补充说明感受，所有必须接形容词表示表语

      视觉 look You look beautiful
      听觉 sound It sounds great.
      嗅觉 smell This smells good.
      味觉 taste It tastes delicious.
      触觉 feel It feels soft.

    • trun 、seem， 表示 “好像”、”变得”，后面必须接相应的内容进行补充说明

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      He seems ill.
      The leaves turned yellow and red.

  • 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语

    相当于 谁(主语) + 做(谓语) + 什么(宾语)， 宾语的位置通常为名词、代词

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    I  love you.
    I read this book.
    I need water.

    决定句子类型的谓语动词，在此类句型中的动词都需要接宾语的动词，其自身不能表达完整的意思，后面必须接宾语，被称为及物动词

    典型的及物动词：

    ​ I ike you. He has a pet. I read a poem. I want some water.

    动词、形容词及副词不能做宾语：

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    You want happy.(x)				You want happiness.
    He makes beautiful.(x)		He makes beauty.
    I need fast.(x) 					I need fastness.

    由于汉语和英语的语言差异，有些单词后面要直接接宾语，不能加介词

    • marry 和…..结婚 It's beyond me why she wants to marry me.
    • mention 谈到 Don't mention it Sorry, I won't mention it again.
    • enter 进入 I enter the room.
    • resemble 与……想像 I resemble my father.
    • reach 到达 I reached the station. I arrived at the station.
    • await 等待 I awaited her I waited for her.
    • discuss 讨论 It's hardly the time to discuss it now.
    • attend 参加，出席 I attend the meeting.

  • 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语(人) + 直接宾语(事、物) (某人给某人某物)

    该句型中的动词表示”给(为)……做……”,称为做授予动词，典型的授予动词：

    • give， I gave her flowers.
    • show , I will show you a picture.
    • bring, She brings me a computer.
    • send, He sends her a flower.
    • teach, She teaches me English.

    在间接宾语使用人称代词时，要用宾格形式

    主格 宾格
    I me
    we us
    you you
    he him
    she her
    they them
    it It

    “主语+谓语+宾语”和”主+谓+间宾+直宾”间的转换，将表示人的间接宾语移至句尾，并在其前面加上to/of/for,变成”介词+名词”形式的修饰语。需要用到介词for的动词有make、buy、build、cook、choose、get、order、leave、find，动词ask的间接宾语前用of

    主+谓+间宾+直宾 主+谓+宾
    You teach us English. You teach English to us.
    I gave him money. I gave money to him.
    You make me a cake. You make a cake for me.
    She bought me a bike. She bought a bike for me.
    I found her the ring. I found the ring for her.
    May I ask you a favor? May I ask a favor of you?

  • 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

    “主语+谓语+表语”，中的补语是补充说明主语的，称之为表语. He is a spy.

    “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”中补语是补充说明宾语的。 We call him a spy.

    典型动词,其宾语补足语要用名词、形容词充当

    • make， 把……制作成…..
    • keep, 让…..保持……
    • call, 把…..叫做……
    • think, 认为……
    • find, 找…..
    • believe, 相信…..
    • elect， 把……选为…..

    当谓语动词是感官动词或使役动词时，可以用动词做宾语补足语， 当宾语是无法独立完成动作时，宾语补足语要使用过去分词(含有被动意思)

    • 感官动词，see、watch、look at、smell、taste、hear、listen to、feel、perceive， 宾语补足语用动词原形，或 现在分词（V-ing）

      V-ing 表示 感受到现在正在进行的动作，动词原形表示感受到了动作的全部过程。

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      I hear him sing.								I hear him singing.
      I saw her clean the room.				I saw her celaning the room.
      You see me dance.(看到跳舞的全过程)								
      You see me dancing.  (看到跳舞的某个瞬间)

    • 使役动词，表示”让做某事”，”指使做某事”， 典型的使役动词，make、have、let

      make、let 的宾语补足语只能用动词原形，不能用V-ing

      have 同感官动词一样，当宾语或宾语补足语是主动、进行时，宾语补足语可以用V-ing

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      My mom makes me study.
      My dad has me clean the car.
      You let me go.

      My teacher has him running.
      I had a kite flying high in the sky.

    • 当宾语是无法独立完成动作的事物时，宾语补足语要用含有被动意思的过去分词

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      I heard the music played.   // 音乐被演奏
      I heard my name called.    // 名字被叫
      I saw a girl carried into the hospital.    

      I had my hair permed.  // 头发被烫
      I made my car repaired by enginner.  // 车被修理

口诀

名词就作”主宾补”， 补语就是”名代形”

1、主语 + 感官动词 / 使役动词 + 宾语(人，表示主动) + 动词原形 / 现在分词V-ing

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I saw her  go/going out of the room.
I made my younger brother study for the exam.

2、主语 + 感官动词 / 使役动词 + 宾语(物，表示被动) + 过去分词

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I heard my name called.
I made this box broken.
I had the box carried by the boy.

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